# Xenium BC data analysis

#### Xiao Zhang

#### 2025-12-23

This vignette introduces the CAESAR.Suite workflow for the analysis of Xenium BC spatial transcriptomics dataset. In this vignette, the workflow of CAESAR.Suite consists of five steps

- Reference dataset and target dataset preprocessing
- Detect signature genes as cell type markers from scRNA-seq reference datasets
- Annotate Xenium BC data using CAESAR
- Enrichment analysis for Xenium BC data using CAESAR
- Downstream analysis (i.e. , signature gene analysis, visualization of cell types and coembeddings)

## Load and quality control both reference and target data

We demonstrate the application of CAESAR.Suite to Xenium data. In this vignette, the input data includes: `BC_scRNAList` — two scRNA-seq reference datasets, each with 3,000 cells; `BC_XeniumList` — two Xenium target datasets, each with 3,000 cells; and `BC_feature_imgList` — two feature matrices containing histology image information from the Xenium target datasets. For more details with respect to histology image feature extraction, see vignette. The genes shared between the scRNA-seq reference and Xenium target datasets were used for analysis. The package can be loaded with the command:

    set.seed(1) # set a random seed for reproducibility.
    library(CAESAR.Suite) # load the package of CAESAR.Suite method
    library(Seurat)
    library(ggplot2)
    library(msigdbr)
    library(dplyr)

    ##
    ## Attaching package: 'dplyr'

    ## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
    ##
    ##     filter, lag

    ## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
    ##
    ##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

Those data can be downloaded and load to the current working path by the following command:

    githubURL <- "https://github.com/XiaoZhangryy/CAESAR.Suite/blob/master/vignettes_data/BC_scRNAList.rda?raw=true"
    BC_scRNAList_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "BC_scRNAList.rda")
    download.file(githubURL, BC_scRNAList_file, mode='wb')
    load(BC_scRNAList_file)

    print(BC_scRNAList)

    githubURL <- "https://github.com/XiaoZhangryy/CAESAR.Suite/blob/master/vignettes_data/BC_XeniumList.rda?raw=true"
    BC_XeniumList_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "BC_XeniumList.rda")
    download.file(githubURL, BC_XeniumList_file, mode='wb')
    load(BC_XeniumList_file)

    print(BC_XeniumList)

    githubURL <- "https://github.com/XiaoZhangryy/CAESAR.Suite/blob/master/vignettes_data/BC_feature_imgList.rda?raw=true"
    BC_feature_imgList_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "BC_feature_imgList.rda")
    download.file(githubURL, BC_feature_imgList_file, mode='wb')
    load(BC_feature_imgList_file)

    print(sapply(BC_feature_imgList, dim))

Users can perform appropriate quality control on the reference dataset and target datasets. Genes expressed in fewer than one cell were removed. Other quality control steps can be set by the user according to the data quality. Here, since the scRNA-seq reference and Xenium target datasets were already matched by their shared genes, no additional quality control was performed.

    # BC_scRNAList <- lapply(BC_scRNAList,  function(seu) {
    #     CreateSeuratObject(
    #         counts = seu@assays$RNA@counts,
    #         meta.data = seu@meta.data,
    #         min.features = 5,
    #         min.cells = 1
    #     )
    # })
    #
    # print(BC_scRNAList)
    #
    #
    # BC_XeniumList <- lapply(BC_XeniumList,  function(seu) {
    #     CreateSeuratObject(
    #         counts = seu@assays$RNA@counts,
    #         meta.data = seu@meta.data,
    #         min.features = 5,
    #         min.cells = 1
    #     )
    # })
    #
    # print(BC_XeniumList)
    #
    # BC_feature_imgList <- lapply(1:2, function(i) {
    #     BC_feature_imgList[[i]][colnames(BC_XeniumList[[i]]), ]
    # })

## Preprocessing and match reference and target data

First, we normalize the data and select the variable genes. We matched the genes and variable genes between the reference and target datasets.

    # match genes
    common_genes <- Reduce(intersect, c(
        lapply(BC_scRNAList, rownames),
        lapply(BC_XeniumList, rownames)
    ))

    print(length(common_genes))

    # all common genes are used as variable genes, as only around 300 genes here
    BC_scRNAList <- lapply(BC_scRNAList, function(seu) {
        seu <- seu[common_genes, ]
        seu <- NormalizeData(seu)
        VariableFeatures(seu) <- common_genes
        seu
    })

    BC_XeniumList <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        seu <- seu[common_genes, ]
        seu <- NormalizeData(seu)
        VariableFeatures(seu) <- common_genes
        seu
    })

    print(BC_scRNAList)
    print(BC_XeniumList)

## Detect signature genes for each cell type using scRNA-seq reference data

We introduce how to use CAESAR to detect signature genes form scRNA-seq reference data. First, we calculate the co-embeddings.

    BC_scRNAList <- lapply(BC_scRNAList, CAESAR.coembedding, q = 50)

Then, we detect signature genes.

    # calculate cell-gene distance and identify signature genes
    sg_sc_List <- lapply(BC_scRNAList, function(seu) {
        print(table(seu$CellType))

        Idents(seu) <- seu$CellType
        find.sig.genes(seu, reduction.name = "caesar")
    })

    str(sg_sc_List)

Finally, select marker genes for each cell type from the signature gene list.

    markerList <- lapply(sg_sc_List, marker.select, overlap.max = 1)

    print(markerList)

## Annotate the MOB ST data using CAESAR and marker genes from scRNA-seq reference data

Similarly, we first calculate co-embeddings for Xenium BC dataset. The difference is that spatial transcriptome data has spatial coordinates and image feature information, so we can obtain image-based spatial aware co-embeddings.

    BC_XeniumList <- lapply(1:2, function(i) {
        seu <- BC_XeniumList[[i]]

        # the spatial coordinates
        pos <- seu@meta.data[, c("x_centroid", "y_centroid")]
        print(head(pos))

        # the image feature
        feature_img <- BC_feature_imgList[[i]]

        seu <- CAESAR.coembedding.image(
            seu, feature_img, pos, reduction.name = "caesar", q = 50)
        seu
    })
    names(BC_XeniumList) <- paste0("BC", 1:2)

    print(BC_XeniumList)

Subsequently, the CAESAR co-embeddings and marker gene lists from scRNA-seq reference datasets are used to annotate the Xenium BC data.

    # convert marker list to marker frequency matrix
    marker.freq <- markerList2mat(markerList)

    # perform annotation using CAESAR and save results to Seurat object
    BC_XeniumList <- lapply(
        BC_XeniumList, CAESAR.annotation, marker.freq = marker.freq,
        reduction.name = "caesar", add.to.meta = TRUE
    )
    print(colnames(BC_XeniumList[[1]]@meta.data))

## Downstream analysis

In the following, we visualize the CAESAR annotation results.

    # set up colors
    cols <- setNames(
        c(
            "#fdc086", "#386cb0", "#b30000", "#FBEA2E", "#731A73",
            "#FF8C00", "#F898CB", "#4DAF4A", "#a6cee3", "#737373"
        ),
        c(
            "B-cells", "CAFs", "Cancer Epithelial", "Endothelial", "Myeloid",
            "Normal Epithelial", "Plasmablasts", "PVL", "T-cells", "unassigned"
        )
    )
    celltypes <- c(
        "B-cells", "CAFs", "Cancer Epithelial", "Endothelial", "Myeloid",
        "Normal Epithelial", "Plasmablasts", "PVL", "T-cells", "unassigned"
    )

    BC_XeniumList <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        Idents(seu) <- factor(seu$CAESARunasg, levels = celltypes)

        pos <- seu@meta.data[, c("x_centroid", "y_centroid")]
        colnames(pos) <- paste0("pos", 1:2)
        seu@reductions[["pos"]] <- CreateDimReducObject(
            embeddings = as.matrix(pos),
            key = paste0("pos", "_"), assay = "RNA"
        )
        seu
    })

First, we visualize the CAESAR annotation account for ‘unassigned’.

    plots <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        DimPlot(seu, reduction = "pos", cols = cols, pt.size = 1)
    })

    cowplot::plot_grid(plotlist = plots, ncol = 1)

The confidence level of the CAESAR annotation can be visualized by

    plots <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        FeaturePlot(
            seu,
            reduction = "pos", features = "CAESARconf", pt.size = 1,
            cols = c("blue", "lightgrey"), min.cutoff = 0.0, max.cutoff = 1.0
        )
    })

    cowplot::plot_grid(plotlist = plots, ncol = 1)

Next, we detect and visualize the signature genes for each cell type.

    sg_List <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, find.sig.genes)

    str(sg_List)

We remove unwanted variation by

    dist_names <- paste0("dist_", gsub("-|/| ", ".", setdiff(celltypes, "unassigned")))

    distList <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        as.matrix(seu@meta.data[, dist_names])
    })

    seuInt <- CAESAR.RUV(BC_XeniumList, distList, verbose = FALSE, species = "human")

    metaInt <- Reduce(rbind, lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        as.matrix(seu@meta.data[, "CAESARunasg", drop = FALSE])
    })) %>% as.data.frame()
    colnames(metaInt) <- "CAESARunasg"
    row.names(metaInt) <- colnames(seuInt)
    seuInt <- AddMetaData(seuInt, metaInt, col.name = colnames(metaInt))
    Idents(seuInt) <- factor(seuInt$CAESARunasg, levels = names(cols))

    print(seuInt)

Then, we can visualize the top three signature genes by a dot plot.

    # obtain the top three signature genes
    celltypes_plot <- setdiff(celltypes, "unassigned")
    top3sgs <- Intsg(sg_List, 3)[celltypes_plot]
    print(top3sgs)

    sg_features <- unname(unlist(top3sgs))

    DotPlot(
        seuInt,
        idents = celltypes_plot, col.min = -1, col.max = 2, dot.scale = 7,
        features = sg_features, scale.min = 0, scale.max = 30
    ) + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "italic", angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1))

Next, we calculate the UMAP projections of co-embeddings of cells and the selected signature genes.

    # calculate coumap
    BC_XeniumList <- lapply(
        BC_XeniumList, CoUMAP, reduction = "caesar",
        reduction.name = "caesarUMAP", gene.set = sg_features
    )

    df_gene_label <- data.frame(
        gene = unlist(top3sgs),
        label = rep(names(top3sgs), each = 3)
    )

    plots <- lapply(BC_XeniumList, function(seu) {
        CoUMAP.plot(
            seu, reduction = "caesarUMAP", gene_txtdata = df_gene_label,
            cols = c("gene" = "#000000", cols)
        )
    })

    cowplot::plot_grid(plotlist = plots, ncol = 1)

## Enrichment analysis

Next, we show how to use CAESAR for enrichment analysis. Here we choose GOBP pathways as an example. Let’s first get some pathways.

    # pathway_list <- msigdbr(species = "Homo sapiens", category = "C5", subcategory = "GO:BP") %>%
    #     group_by(gs_name) %>%
    #     summarise(genes = list(intersect(gene_symbol, common_genes))) %>%
    #     tibble::deframe()
    # n.pathway_list <- sapply(pathway_list, length)
    # pathway_list <- pathway_list[n.pathway_list >= 5]

    # --------------------------------------------
    # To avoid potential issues caused by differences in operating systems,
    # R package versions, and other uncontrollable factors across environments,
    # we pre-generated the 'pathway_list' object using the code above
    # --------------------------------------------

    githubURL <- "https://github.com/XiaoZhangryy/CAESAR.Suite/blob/master/vignettes_data/pathway4BC.rda?raw=true"
    pathway4BC_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "pathway4BC.rda")
    download.file(githubURL, pathway4BC_file, mode='wb')
    load(pathway4BC_file)

    print(head(pathway_list))

Then, we can test whether those pathways are enriched in BC1 section.

    seuBC1 <- BC_XeniumList[[1]]

    df_enrich <- CAESAR.enrich.pathway(
        seuBC1, pathway.list = pathway_list, reduction = "caesar"
    )

    # obtain significant enriched pathways
    pathways <- pathway_list[df_enrich$asy.wei.pval.adj < 0.05]

Next, we can calculate the spot level enrichment scores and detect differentially enriched pathways.

    enrich.score.BC1 <- CAESAR.enrich.score(seuBC1, pathways)

    dep.pvals <- CAESAR.CTDEP(seuBC1, enrich.score.BC1)
    head(dep.pvals)

We can visualize the spatial heatmap of enrichment score.

    seuBC1 <- AddMetaData(seuBC1, as.data.frame(enrich.score.BC1))

    pathway <- "GOBP_VASCULATURE_DEVELOPMENT"
    FeaturePlot(seuBC1, features = pathway, reduction = "pos") +
        scale_color_gradientn(
            colors = c("#fff7f3", "#fcc5c0", "#f768a1", "#ae017e", "#49006a"),
            values = scales::rescale(seq(0, 1, 0.25)),
            limits = c(0, 1)
        ) +
        theme(
            legend.position = "right",
            legend.justification = "center",
            legend.box = "vertical"
        )

Session Info

    sessionInfo()

    ## R Under development (unstable) (2025-02-28 r87848 ucrt)
    ## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
    ## Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26100)
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ##   LAPACK version 3.12.0
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] LC_COLLATE=C
    ## [2] LC_CTYPE=Chinese (Simplified)_China.utf8
    ## [3] LC_MONETARY=Chinese (Simplified)_China.utf8
    ## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
    ## [5] LC_TIME=Chinese (Simplified)_China.utf8
    ##
    ## time zone: Asia/Shanghai
    ## tzcode source: internal
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ## [1] dplyr_1.1.4        msigdbr_7.5.1      ggplot2_3.5.1      Seurat_5.2.1
    ## [5] SeuratObject_5.0.2 sp_2.2-0           CAESAR.Suite_0.3.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##   [1] matrixStats_1.5.0           spatstat.sparse_3.1-0
    ##   [3] httr_1.4.7                  RColorBrewer_1.1-3
    ##   [5] tools_4.5.0                 sctransform_0.4.1
    ##   [7] backports_1.5.0             R6_2.6.1
    ##   [9] lazyeval_0.2.2              uwot_0.2.3
    ##  [11] withr_3.0.2                 prettyunits_1.2.0
    ##  [13] gridExtra_2.3               progressr_0.15.1
    ##  [15] cli_3.6.4                   Biobase_2.67.0
    ##  [17] spatstat.explore_3.3-4      fastDummies_1.7.5
    ##  [19] sass_0.4.9                  mvtnorm_1.3-3
    ##  [21] spatstat.data_3.1-4         proxy_0.4-27
    ##  [23] ggridges_0.5.6              pbapply_1.7-2
    ##  [25] harmony_1.2.3               scater_1.35.1
    ##  [27] parallelly_1.42.0           readxl_1.4.3
    ##  [29] rstudioapi_0.17.1           RSQLite_2.3.9
    ##  [31] generics_0.1.3              gtools_3.9.5
    ##  [33] ica_1.0-3                   spatstat.random_3.3-2
    ##  [35] car_3.1-3                   Matrix_1.7-2
    ##  [37] ggbeeswarm_0.7.2            DescTools_0.99.59
    ##  [39] S4Vectors_0.45.4            abind_1.4-8
    ##  [41] lifecycle_1.0.4             yaml_2.3.10
    ##  [43] CompQuadForm_1.4.3          carData_3.0-5
    ##  [45] SummarizedExperiment_1.37.0 SparseArray_1.7.6
    ##  [47] BiocFileCache_2.15.1        Rtsne_0.17
    ##  [49] grid_4.5.0                  blob_1.2.4
    ##  [51] promises_1.3.2              crayon_1.5.3
    ##  [53] GiRaF_1.0.1                 miniUI_0.1.1.1
    ##  [55] lattice_0.22-6              haven_2.5.4
    ##  [57] beachmat_2.23.6             cowplot_1.1.3
    ##  [59] KEGGREST_1.47.0             pillar_1.10.1
    ##  [61] knitr_1.49                  ProFAST_1.4
    ##  [63] GenomicRanges_1.59.1        boot_1.3-31
    ##  [65] gld_2.6.7                   future.apply_1.11.3
    ##  [67] codetools_0.2-20            glue_1.8.0
    ##  [69] spatstat.univar_3.1-1       data.table_1.17.0
    ##  [71] vctrs_0.6.5                 png_0.1-8
    ##  [73] spam_2.11-1                 org.Mm.eg.db_3.20.0
    ##  [75] cellranger_1.1.0            gtable_0.3.6
    ##  [77] cachem_1.1.0                xfun_0.51
    ##  [79] S4Arrays_1.7.3              mime_0.12
    ##  [81] survival_3.8-3              SingleCellExperiment_1.29.1
    ##  [83] fitdistrplus_1.2-2          ROCR_1.0-11
    ##  [85] nlme_3.1-167                bit64_4.6.0-1
    ##  [87] progress_1.2.3              filelock_1.0.3
    ##  [89] RcppAnnoy_0.0.22            GenomeInfoDb_1.43.4
    ##  [91] bslib_0.9.0                 irlba_2.3.5.1
    ##  [93] vipor_0.4.7                 KernSmooth_2.23-26
    ##  [95] colorspace_2.1-1            BiocGenerics_0.53.6
    ##  [97] DBI_1.2.3                   ade4_1.7-23
    ##  [99] Exact_3.3                   tidyselect_1.2.1
    ## [101] DR.SC_3.4                   bit_4.5.0.1
    ## [103] compiler_4.5.0              curl_6.2.1
    ## [105] httr2_1.1.0                 BiocNeighbors_2.1.2
    ## [107] expm_1.0-0                  xml2_1.3.6
    ## [109] DelayedArray_0.33.6         plotly_4.10.4
    ## [111] scales_1.3.0                lmtest_0.9-40
    ## [113] rappdirs_0.3.3              stringr_1.5.1
    ## [115] digest_0.6.37               goftest_1.2-3
    ## [117] spatstat.utils_3.1-2        rmarkdown_2.29
    ## [119] XVector_0.47.2              htmltools_0.5.8.1
    ## [121] pkgconfig_2.0.3             MatrixGenerics_1.19.1
    ## [123] dbplyr_2.5.0                fastmap_1.2.0
    ## [125] rlang_1.1.5                 htmlwidgets_1.6.4
    ## [127] ggthemes_5.1.0              UCSC.utils_1.3.1
    ## [129] shiny_1.10.0                farver_2.1.2
    ## [131] jquerylib_0.1.4             zoo_1.8-13
    ## [133] jsonlite_1.8.9              BiocParallel_1.41.2
    ## [135] mclust_6.1.1                BiocSingular_1.23.0
    ## [137] magrittr_2.0.3              Formula_1.2-5
    ## [139] scuttle_1.17.0              GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.13
    ## [141] dotCall64_1.2               patchwork_1.3.0
    ## [143] munsell_0.5.1               Rcpp_1.0.14
    ## [145] babelgene_22.9              viridis_0.6.5
    ## [147] reticulate_1.41.0           furrr_0.3.1
    ## [149] stringi_1.8.4               rootSolve_1.8.2.4
    ## [151] MASS_7.3-65                 org.Hs.eg.db_3.20.0
    ## [153] plyr_1.8.9                  parallel_4.5.0
    ## [155] PRECAST_1.6.5               listenv_0.9.1
    ## [157] ggrepel_0.9.6               forcats_1.0.0
    ## [159] lmom_3.2                    deldir_2.0-4
    ## [161] Biostrings_2.75.4           splines_4.5.0
    ## [163] tensor_1.5                  hms_1.1.3
    ## [165] igraph_2.1.4                ggpubr_0.6.0
    ## [167] spatstat.geom_3.3-5         ggsignif_0.6.4
    ## [169] RcppHNSW_0.6.0              reshape2_1.4.4
    ## [171] biomaRt_2.63.1              stats4_4.5.0
    ## [173] ScaledMatrix_1.15.0         evaluate_1.0.3
    ## [175] httpuv_1.6.15               RANN_2.6.2
    ## [177] tidyr_1.3.1                 purrr_1.0.4
    ## [179] polyclip_1.10-7             future_1.34.0
    ## [181] scattermore_1.2             rsvd_1.0.5
    ## [183] broom_1.0.7                 xtable_1.8-4
    ## [185] e1071_1.7-16                RSpectra_0.16-2
    ## [187] rstatix_0.7.2               later_1.4.1
    ## [189] viridisLite_0.4.2           class_7.3-23
    ## [191] tibble_3.2.1                memoise_2.0.1
    ## [193] beeswarm_0.4.0              AnnotationDbi_1.69.0
    ## [195] IRanges_2.41.3              cluster_2.1.8
    ## [197] globals_0.16.3