Compression

HDF5 supports transparent data compression, allowing you to drastically reduce the file size of your datasets with minimal effort. While the HDF5 ecosystem has historically relied on standard gzip and szip, modern data pipelines require higher throughput and advanced techniques like lossy floating-point compression and optimized bitshuffling.

Powered by hdf5lib, h5lite bundles an extensive suite of state-of-the-art compression filters natively, meaning you can use modern codecs like Blosc2, Zstandard (Zstd), LZ4, and ZFP without installing any external system dependencies.

This vignette covers how to configure these compression pipelines using the h5_compression() function, how to choose the right algorithm, how to tune chunk sizes, and how to inspect your results using h5_inspect().

The `compress` Argument and `h5_compression()`

For simple use cases, you can pass a configuration string directly to the compress argument of h5_write(). h5lite handles the underlying chunking requirements automatically.

# Standard gzip compression at level 5
h5_write(rnorm(1000), file, "data/simple_gzip", compress = "gzip-5")

# High-performance Blosc2 with Zstandard
h5_write(rnorm(1000), file, "data/simple_blosc2", compress = "blosc2-zstd-5")

For advanced control over the entire compression pipeline - including chunk sizing, pre-filters, data scaling, and checksums - use the h5_compression() function to build a configuration object to pass to h5_write().

# Advanced pipeline: LZ4 compression + optimal integer packing + Fletcher32 checksum
cmp <- h5_compression(
  compress    = "lz4-9", 
  int_packing = TRUE, 
  checksum    = TRUE,
  chunk_size  = 512 * 1024 # 512 KB chunks
)

h5_write(1:1000, file, "data/advanced", compress = cmp)

Valid Compression Strings Reference

The compress argument accepts specific string syntaxes to define both the codec and its operational level. The table below lists all valid combinations and indicates whether they require, permit, or forbid a level or parameter suffix.

Suffix Rule	Valid Codec Strings	Examples
Optional Level Suffix (Defaults applied if omitted)	`gzip`, `zstd`, `lz4`, `bzip2`, `bshuf-zstd` `blosc1-lz4`, `blosc1-gzip`, `blosc1-zstd` `blosc2-lz4`, `blosc2-gzip`, `blosc2-zstd`	`"zstd-7"` `"blosc2-lz4"`
No Suffix Allowed (Strict exact match)	`none`, `lzf`, `snappy`, `bshuf-lz4` `szip-nn`, `szip-ec`, `zfp-rev` `blosc1`, `blosc1-snappy`, `blosc2`, `blosc2-ndlz`	`"bshuf-lz4"` `"blosc2"`
Required Parameter Suffix (Requires bits or tolerance)	`zfp-prec`, `zfp-rate`, `zfp-acc` `blosc2-zfp-prec`, `blosc2-zfp-rate`, `blosc2-zfp-acc`	`"zfp-rate-8"` `"zfp-acc-0.01"`

Choosing a Codec: Modern vs. Legacy

With so many options available, selecting the right codec depends on whether you are optimizing for extreme read/write speed, minimal file size, or universal compatibility.

1. Blosc2 (Highly Recommended)

Blosc2 is a high-performance meta-compressor optimized for binary data. It automatically handles multi-threading and applies a highly optimized internal bitshuffle algorithm before passing the data to a sub-compressor.

"blosc2-zstd-[level]": Offers the best overall balance of extreme read/write speeds and excellent compression ratios. It effectively replaces standard gzip for modern analytical workloads.
"blosc2-lz4-[level]": Exceptionally fast. Best used when read/write speed is the absolute highest priority and storage space is less of a concern.

2. Standalone Modern Codecs

If you prefer not to use the Blosc2 wrapper, you can call modern codecs directly:

"zstd-[level]": Zstandard (levels 1-22). Vastly superior to gzip in both speed and compression ratio.
"lz4-[level]": Standard LZ4 (level 0) or LZ4-HC (levels 1-12).

3. Gzip (The Universal Standard)

"gzip-[level]": Levels 1-9 (default is 5). Every compiled HDF5 library worldwide supports gzip. Use this only if you plan to share your .h5 files with external collaborators using older Python/Julia tools, or if you are archiving them for long-term storage where universal compatibility is mandatory.

4. Legacy Codecs (Obsolete or Niche)

"szip-nn" / "szip-ec": Historically fast for scientific data, provided safely here via the permissively licensed libaec library. Because the original library was frequently missing from legacy HDF5 distributions, szip never saw universal adoption and is now largely obsolete compared to Blosc2 or Zstd.
"blosc1", "snappy", "lzf", "bzip2": Included strictly to maintain backward compatibility, allowing you to read archived .h5 files and write to legacy data processing pipelines. These early-generation algorithms lack the multi-threading optimizations, speeds, and compression ratios of modern alternatives, making them generally unsuitable for completely new datasets.

Lossy Compression: ZFP and Scale-Offset

For massive numeric datasets, lossless compression may not provide enough space savings. h5lite supports two methods to discard mathematically insignificant precision in exchange for massive compression ratios.

ZFP (Floating-Point & Integer)

ZFP is a specialized algorithm designed for high-throughput, lossy compression of numerical arrays. It offers incredible ratios but requires purely numeric values.

(Note: The standalone "zfp-..." codecs support both integers and floats. However, if ZFP is wrapped inside Blosc2 via "blosc2-zfp-...", it can only encode floating-point values).

Accuracy Mode ("zfp-acc-[tolerance]"): Guarantees that no decompressed value will differ from the original by more than the given absolute tolerance (e.g., "zfp-acc-0.001").
Precision Mode ("zfp-prec-[bits]"): Preserves a specific number of bits of precision (e.g., "zfp-prec-16").
Rate Mode ("zfp-rate-[bits]"): Forces the compressed data to use exactly a certain number of bits of storage per value (e.g., "zfp-rate-8").

# Lossy compression: decompressed values will be accurate to within +/- 0.05
cmp_zfp <- h5_compression("zfp-acc-0.05")
h5_write(rnorm(1e5), file, "data/zfp_floats", compress = cmp_zfp)

Scale-Offset (Integer Packing & Float Rounding)

The native HDF5 Scale-Offset filter mathematically scales your data so it can be stored using fewer bits. It processes data one chunk at a time, and automatically reverses these operations when you read the file to reproduce your original values.

Integer Packing (int_packing): When you set int_packing = TRUE, HDF5 subtracts the minimum value in the chunk from all the other values. It then encodes these new, smaller values using the exact minimum number of bits necessary. For datasets with small ranges or lots of zeros, this saves a massive amount of space. (Alternatively, passing a number like int_packing = 8 forces it to pack the data into exactly 8 bits).
Float Rounding (float_rounding): When you pass an integer (like float_rounding = 3), HDF5 multiplies all the floating-point values by 10^3 to shift the decimal point. It then rounds the results to the nearest whole integer. Once they are integers, it applies the exact same bit-packing method described above. When the data is decoded, the operations are run in reverse to restore the original values, less any exact precision lost during the initial rounding step.

# 1. Integer Packing Example
# A dataset with a small range of values (e.g., years 2000 to 2050)
years <- sample(2000:2050, 100000, replace = TRUE)

# By default, R uses 32-bit integers. 
# With int_packing = TRUE, HDF5 subtracts 2000 from all values,
# leaving numbers from 0 to 50, which fit perfectly into just 6 bits!
cmp_int <- h5_compression("lz4-9", int_packing = TRUE)
h5_write(years, file, "data/packed_years", compress = cmp_int)

# 2. Float Rounding Example
# Sensor data where anything beyond 2 decimal places is just noise
sensor_data <- rnorm(100000, mean = 98.6, sd = 0.5)

# Multiplies by 10^2 (e.g., 98.614... -> 9861.4...), rounds to 9861, and bit-packs.
# When read back into R, it is automatically divided by 100 to restore 98.61.
cmp_float <- h5_compression("zstd-5", float_rounding = 2)
h5_write(sensor_data, file, "data/rounded_sensors", compress = cmp_float)

Filter Interactions & Invalid Combinations

Filters in HDF5 operate in a sequential pipeline, and certain filters destroy the underlying byte structures that downstream algorithms rely on. h5_compression() strictly enforces mutual exclusions and will throw an error if you attempt an invalid combination:

Shuffling vs. Scale-Offset: Pre-filters like Bitshuffle and Byte Shuffle rearrange the byte stream to group similar bits together for better compression. Scale-Offset (int_packing or float_rounding) packs data into non-standard bit widths, which destroys byte alignment. Therefore, all automatic shuffling is forcefully disabled if Scale-Offset is active.
Mathematical vs. Shuffling Codecs: ZFP and Szip perform mathematical compression directly on raw numerical values. They will completely fail or corrupt if the bitstream is rearranged beforehand. Do not combine ZFP or Szip with Scale-Offset, Bitshuffle, or Blosc2 pre-filters.
String Data Limitations: Szip and ZFP cannot be applied to character vectors. String compression relies on standard algorithms like gzip or zstd, and only works on fixed-length strings. Variable-length strings (such as those containing NA values) cannot be compressed by chunk filters at all.

Tuning Chunk Size

HDF5 does not compress a dataset as one monolithic block. Instead, it divides the dataset into smaller “chunks” and compresses each independently.

By default, h5_compression() targets a 1 MB chunk size (chunk_size = 1048576), which is an excellent default. However, you should manually tune this depending on your specific access patterns:

Too Small (< 10 KB): Imposes huge metadata overhead. The internal HDF5 B-tree will bloat the file size, and the compression algorithms won’t have enough data to identify repeating patterns.
Too Large (> 50 MB): If you only want to read a tiny slice (e.g., 10 rows) of your dataset, HDF5 is forced to load and decompress the entire chunk containing those rows into memory. Overly large chunks cause massive read latency for subsetting operations.

# Optimizing for reading small, 100KB slices at a time
cmp_chunk <- h5_compression("blosc2-zstd-5", chunk_size = 102400)
h5_write(matrix(rnorm(10000), 100, 100), file, "data/tuned_chunks", compress = cmp_chunk)

Evaluating Results with `h5_inspect()`

It can be difficult to know exactly how well your compression strategy is working. The h5_inspect() function allows you to peek under the hood of any dataset, revealing its storage layout, chunk dimensions, the exact filter pipeline applied, and the resulting compression ratio.

# Write some highly compressible (sequential) integer data
cmp_pack <- h5_compression('lz4-9', int_packing = TRUE, checksum = TRUE)
h5_write(matrix(5001:5100, 10, 10), file, "inspect/packed_mtx", compress = cmp_pack)

# Inspect the dataset's properties
h5_inspect(file, "inspect/packed_mtx")

Output:

<HDF5 Dataset Properties>
  Type:    uint16              Size:    200.00 B
  Layout:  chunked             Disk:    120.00 B
  Chunks:  [10 x 10]           Ratio:   1.67x
  Pipeline: scaleoffset -> lz4 -> fletcher32

You can use this compression ratio readout to iteratively test different h5_compression() configurations until you find the perfect balance for your specific data.

# Clean up
unlink(file)

For additional details about these codecs and the underlying library, please see https://cmmr.github.io/hdf5lib/articles/compression.html.