To cite ndi in publications, please use the following and include the version number and DOI:
Buller ID (2025). ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices, number 0.2.1. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.ndi, https://cran.r-project.org/package=ndi.
If you computed A (Atkinson) values, please also cite:
Atkinson AB (1970). “On the Measurement of Inequality.” Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 244–263. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6.
If you computed ACE (Duncan & Cuzzort) values, please also cite (1):
Duncan OD, Cuzzort RP, Duncan B (1961). Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data. Free Press.
And (2):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed ACL (Massey & Denton) values, please also cite:
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed ACO (Massey & Denton) values, please also cite (1):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
And (2):
Duncan OD, Cuzzort RP, Duncan B (1961). Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data. Free Press.
If you computed D (Duncan & Duncan) values, please also cite:
Duncan OD, Duncan B (1955). “A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes.” American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. doi:10.2307/2088328.
If you computed D (James & Taeuber) values, please also cite:
James DR, Taeuber KK (1985). “Measures of Segregation.” Sociological Methodology, 15, 1–32. doi:10.2307/270845.
If you computed DEL (Hoover) values, please also cite (1):
Hoover EM (1941). “Interstate Redistribution of Population, 1850-1940.” Journal of Economic History, 1, 199–205. doi:10.2307/2223319.
And (2):
Duncan OD, Cuzzort RP, Duncan B (1961). Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data. Free Press.
If you computed DPxx* (Morgan) values, please also cite (1):
Morgan BS (1983). “A Distance-Decay Based Interaction Index to Measure Residential Segregation.” Area, 15, 211–217. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20001935.
And (2):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed DPxy* (Morgan) values, please also cite (1):
Morgan BS (1983). “A Distance-Decay Based Interaction Index to Measure Residential Segregation.” Area, 15, 211–217. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20001935.
And (2):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed EI (Bravo) values, please also cite:
Bravo MA, Leong MC, Gelfand AE, Miranda ML (2021). “Assessing Disparity Using Measures of Racial and Educational Isolation.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9384. doi:10.3390/ijerph18179384.
If you retrieved G (Gini) values, please also cite:
Gini C (1921). “Measurement of Inequality of Incomes.” The Economic Journal, 31(121), 124–126. doi:10.2307/2223319.
If you computed H (Theil) values, please also cite (1):
Theil H (1972). Statistical decomposition analysis. With applications in the social and administrative sciences. North-Holland Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-444-10378-9.
And (2):
Theil H, Finizza AJ (1971). “A Note on the Measurement of Racial Integration of Schools by Means of Informational Concepts.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1, 187–194. doi:10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989795.
If you computed ICE (Krieger) values, please also cite (1):
Feldman JM, Waterman PD, Coull BA, Krieger N (2015). “Spatial Social Polarisation: Using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes Jointly for Income and Race/Ethnicity to Analyse Risk of Hypertension.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69, 1199–207. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205728.
And (2):
Krieger N, Waterman PD, Spasojevic J, Li W, Maduro G, Van Wye G (2016). “Public Health Monitoring of Privilege and Deprivation With the Index of Concentration at the Extremes.” American Journal of Public Health, 106, 256–263. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955.
If you computed LEx/Is (Bemanian & Beyer) values, please also cite:
Bemanian A, Beyer KM (2017). “Measures Matter: The Local Exposure/Isolation (LEx/Is) Metrics and Relationships between Local-Level Segregation and Breast Cancer Survival.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 26, 516–524. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926.
If you computed LQ (Sudano) values, please also cite (1):
Merton RK (1938). “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682. doi:10.2307/2084686.
And (2):
Sudano JJ, Perzynski A, Wong DW, Colabianchi N, Litaker D (2013). “Neighborhood Racial Residential Segregation and Changes in Health or Death Among Older Adults.” Health & Place, 19, 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015.
If you computed NDI (Messer) values, please also cite:
Messer LC, Laraia BA, Kaufman JS, Eyster J, Holzman C, Culhane J, Elo I, Burke J, O'Campo P (2006). “The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index.” Journal of Urban Health, 83(6), 1041–1062. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x.
If you computed NDI (Powell-Wiley) values, please also cite (1):
Andrews MA, Tomura K, Claudel SE, Xu S, Ceasar JN, Collins BS, Langerman S, Mitchell VM, Baumer Y, Powell-Wiley TM (2020). “Geospatial Analysis of Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) for the United States by County.” Journal of Maps, 16, 101–112. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066.
And (2):
Slotman BA, Stinchcomb DG, Powell-Wiley TM, Ostendorf DM, Saelens BE, Gorin AA, Zenk SN, Berrigan D (2022). “Environmental Data and Methods from the Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures Environmental Working Group.” Data in Brief, 41, 108002. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002.
If you computed RCE (Duncan & Duncan) values, please also cite (1):
Duncan OD, Duncan B (1955). “Residential Distribution and Occupational Stratification.” American Journal of Sociology, 60(5), 493–503. doi:10.1086/221609.
And (2):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed RCL (Massey & Denton) values, please also cite:
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
If you computed RCO (Massey & Denton) values, please also cite (1):
Massey DS, Denton NA (1988). “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces, 67, 281–315. doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
And (2):
Duncan OD, Cuzzort RP, Duncan B (1961). Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data. Free Press.
If you computed RI (Anthopolos) values, please also cite:
Anthopolos R, James SA, Gelfand AE, Miranda ML (2011). “A Spatial Measure of Neighborhood Level Racial Isolation Applied to Low Birthweight, Preterm Birth, and Birthweight in North Carolina.” Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 2(4), 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002.
If you computed SP (White) values, please also cite (1):
White MJ (1986). “Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population Distribution.” Population Index, 52, 198–221. doi:10.2307/3644339.
And (2):
Blau PM (1977). Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-029-03660-0.
If you computed V (White) values, please also cite (1):
Bell W (1954). “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces, 32, 357–364. doi:10.2307/2574118.
And (2):
White MJ (1986). “Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population Distribution.” Population Index, 52, 198–221. doi:10.2307/3644339.
If you computed xPx* (Lieberson) values, please also cite (1):
Lieberson S (1981). “Ethnic Segregation in Cities.” In Peach C, Robinson V, Smith S (eds.), chapter An Asymmetrical Approach to Segregation, 1st edition edition. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-1-032-53884-6.
And (2):
Bell W (1954). “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces, 32, 357–364. doi:10.2307/2574118.
If you computed xPy* (Bell) values, please also cite (1):
Shevky E, Williams M (1949). The Social Areas of Los Angeles: Analysis and Typology, 1st edition edition. John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation. ISBN 978-0-837-15637-8.
And (2):
Bell W (1954). “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces, 32, 357–364. doi:10.2307/2574118.
Corresponding BibTeX entries:
@Manual{,
title = {ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices},
author = {Ian D. Buller},
publisher = {The Comprehensive R Archive Network},
year = {2025},
number = {0.2.1.},
doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.ndi},
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=ndi},
}
@Article{,
title = {On the Measurement of Inequality},
author = {Anthony B. Atkinson},
journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},
year = {1970},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {244--263},
doi = {10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6},
}
@Book{,
title = {Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Ray P. Cuzzort and Beverly Duncan},
year = {1961},
publisher = {Free Press},
lc = {60007089},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Book{,
title = {Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Ray P. Cuzzort and Beverly Duncan},
year = {1961},
publisher = {Free Press},
lc = {60007089},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Beverly Duncan},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
year = {1955},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {210--217},
doi = {10.2307/2088328},
}
@Article{,
title = {Measures of Segregation},
author = {David R. James and Karl K. Taeuber},
journal = {Sociological Methodology},
year = {1985},
volume = {15},
pages = {1--32},
doi = {10.2307/270845},
}
@Article{,
title = {Interstate Redistribution of Population, 1850-1940},
author = {Edgar M. Hoover},
journal = {Journal of Economic History},
year = {1941},
volume = {1},
pages = {199--205},
doi = {10.2307/2223319},
}
@Book{,
title = {Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Ray P. Cuzzort and Beverly Duncan},
year = {1961},
publisher = {Free Press},
lc = {60007089},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Distance-Decay Based Interaction Index to Measure
Residential Segregation},
author = {Barrie S. Morgan},
journal = {Area},
year = {1983},
volume = {15},
issue = {4},
pages = {211--217},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20001935},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Distance-Decay Based Interaction Index to Measure
Residential Segregation},
author = {Barrie S. Morgan},
journal = {Area},
year = {1983},
volume = {15},
issue = {4},
pages = {211--217},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20001935},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {Assessing Disparity Using Measures of Racial and
Educational Isolation},
author = {Mercedes A. Bravo and Man Chong Leong and Alan E. Gelfand
and Marie Lynn Miranda},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health},
year = {2021},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {9384},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179384},
}
@Article{,
title = {Measurement of Inequality of Incomes},
author = {Corrado Gini},
journal = {The Economic Journal},
year = {1921},
volume = {31},
number = {121},
pages = {124--126},
doi = {10.2307/2223319},
}
@Book{,
title = {Statistical decomposition analysis. With applications in
the social and administrative sciences},
author = {Henri Theil},
year = {1972},
city = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {North-Holland Publishing Company},
isbn = {978-0-444-10378-9},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Note on the Measurement of Racial Integration of Schools
by Means of Informational Concepts},
author = {Henri Theil and Anthony J. Finizza},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
year = {1971},
volume = {1},
pages = {187--194},
doi = {10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989795},
}
@Article{,
title = {Spatial Social Polarisation: Using the Index of
Concentration at the Extremes Jointly for Income and
Race/Ethnicity to Analyse Risk of Hypertension},
author = {Justin M. Feldman and Pamela D. Waterman and Brent A.
Coull and Nancy Krieger},
journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health},
year = {2015},
volume = {69},
issue = {12},
pages = {1199--207},
doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-205728},
}
@Article{,
title = {Public Health Monitoring of Privilege and Deprivation With
the Index of Concentration at the Extremes},
author = {Nancy Krieger and Pamela D. Waterman and Jasmina
Spasojevic and Wenhui Li and Gil Maduro and Gretchen {Van Wye}},
journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
year = {2016},
volume = {106},
issue = {2},
pages = {256--263},
doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955},
}
@Article{,
title = {Measures Matter: The Local Exposure/Isolation (LEx/Is)
Metrics and Relationships between Local-Level Segregation and
Breast Cancer Survival},
author = {Amin Bemanian and Kirsten M.M. Beyer},
journal = {Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention},
year = {2017},
volume = {26},
issue = {4},
pages = {516--524},
doi = {10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926},
}
@Article{,
title = {Social Structure and Anomie},
author = {Robert K. Merton},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
year = {1938},
volume = {3},
number = {5},
pages = {672--682},
doi = {10.2307/2084686},
}
@Article{,
title = {Neighborhood Racial Residential Segregation and Changes in
Health or Death Among Older Adults},
author = {Joseph J. Sudano and Adam Perzynski and David W. Wong and
Natalie Colabianchi and David Litaker},
journal = {Health & Place},
year = {2013},
volume = {19},
pages = {80--88},
doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation
Index},
author = {Lynne C. Messer and Barbara A. Laraia and Jay S. Kaufman
and Janet Eyster and Claudia Holzman and Jennifer Culhane and
Irma Elo and Jessica Burke and Patricia O'Campo},
journal = {Journal of Urban Health},
year = {2006},
volume = {83},
number = {6},
pages = {1041--1062},
doi = {10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x},
}
@Article{,
title = {Geospatial Analysis of Neighborhood Deprivation Index
(NDI) for the United States by County},
author = {Marcus A. Andrews and Kosuke Tomura and Sophie E. Claudel
and Samantha Xu and Joniqua N. Ceasar and Billy S. Collins and
Steven Langerman and Valerie M. Mitchell and Yvonne Baumer and
Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley},
journal = {Journal of Maps},
year = {2020},
volume = {16},
issue = {1},
pages = {101--112},
doi = {10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066},
}
@Article{,
title = {Environmental Data and Methods from the Accumulating Data
to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures
Environmental Working Group},
author = {Beth A. Slotman and David G Stinchcomb and Tiffany M.
Powell-Wiley and Danielle M. Ostendorf and Brian E. Saelens and
Amy A. Gorin and Shannon N. Zenk and David Berrigan},
journal = {Data in Brief},
year = {2022},
volume = {41},
pages = {108002},
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002},
}
@Article{,
title = {Residential Distribution and Occupational Stratification},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Beverly Duncan},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
year = {1955},
volume = {60},
number = {5},
pages = {493--503},
doi = {10.1086/221609},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Article{,
title = {The Dimensions of Residential Segregation},
author = {Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1988},
volume = {67},
issue = {2},
pages = {281--315},
doi = {10.1093/sf/67.2.281},
}
@Book{,
title = {Statistical Geography: Problems in Analyzing Area Data},
author = {Otis D. Duncan and Ray P. Cuzzort and Beverly Duncan},
year = {1961},
publisher = {Free Press},
lc = {60007089},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Spatial Measure of Neighborhood Level Racial Isolation
Applied to Low Birthweight, Preterm Birth, and Birthweight in
North Carolina},
author = {Rebecca Anthopolos and Sherman A. James and Alan E.
Gelfand and Marie Lynn Miranda},
journal = {Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology},
year = {2011},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {235--246},
doi = {10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002},
}
@Article{,
title = {Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population
Distribution},
author = {Michael J. White},
journal = {Population Index},
year = {1986},
volume = {52},
issue = {2},
pages = {198--221},
doi = {10.2307/3644339},
}
@Book{,
title = {Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social
Structure},
author = {Peter M. Blau},
year = {1977},
publisher = {Free Press},
isbn = {978-0-029-03660-0},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological
Segregation},
author = {Wendell Bell},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1954},
volume = {32},
issue = {4},
pages = {357--364},
doi = {10.2307/2574118},
}
@Article{,
title = {Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population
Distribution},
author = {Michael J. White},
journal = {Population Index},
year = {1986},
volume = {52},
issue = {2},
pages = {198--221},
doi = {10.2307/3644339},
}
@InBook{,
title = {Ethnic Segregation in Cities},
author = {Stanley Lieberson},
chapter = {An Asymmetrical Approach to Segregation},
year = {1981},
edition = {1st edition},
editor = {Ceri Peach and Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith},
city = {London},
publisher = {Croom Helm},
isbn = {978-1-032-53884-6},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological
Segregation},
author = {Wendell Bell},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1954},
volume = {32},
issue = {4},
pages = {357--364},
doi = {10.2307/2574118},
}
@Book{,
title = {The Social Areas of Los Angeles: Analysis and Typology},
author = {Eshref Shevky and Marilyn Williams},
year = {1949},
edition = {1st edition},
city = {Los Angeles},
publisher = {John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation},
isbn = {978-0-837-15637-8},
}
@Article{,
title = {A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological
Segregation},
author = {Wendell Bell},
journal = {Social Forces},
year = {1954},
volume = {32},
issue = {4},
pages = {357--364},
doi = {10.2307/2574118},
}